![]() On-farm composting has emerged as an e ective technique for the sustainability of agricultural activities, capable of resolving crucial problems like crop residues and livestock waste disposal. ![]() e varied concentrations revealed that adding various forms of agricultural waste would result in a variation in the quantity of NPK owing to microbial activity. e overall nitrogen concentration grew progressively between each pile at the end of a week. Total phosphorus concentrations range from 1.33 to 13.98 ppm, and potassium levels, on the other hand, range from 91.53 to 640 ppm in farm compost. Total nitrogen content ranged from 81.5 to 2175 ppm in farm compost. e temperature and pH levels throughout the composting process were determined in a speci ed range of 42-45 o C and 6.1-8.3, respectively. Results revealed that P3 demonstrated the most successful composting procedure. In this study, di erent compost piles (P1, P2, and P3) of compost were made using di erent agricultural and animal waste combinations to assess temperature, pH, and NPK. Mass volumes of leaves, grass clippings, plant stalks, vines, weeds, twigs, and branches are burned daily. However, this excellent alternative supply in Pakistan has yet to be used. Compost is an excellent alternative solution for improving soil OM content. Pakistan's soils are poor in OM and have a low C : N ratio, and the overall fertility status is insu cient to support increased crop yields. 67% of country's population resides in rural areas and primarily depends on agriculture. In this context, two hypothetical initial mixtures of BSG plus a lignocellulosic bulking agent and livestock manure are presented.Īgriculture is the economic backbone of Pakistan. Moreover, livestock manure should be included as a starting material to promote the composting process. Addition of lignocellulosic bulking agents improves the reduction of moisture content during composting, while also optimizing the substrate properties, such as C/N ratio, air spaces, and pH, to positively affect the composting process. Therefore, BSG is not suitable for direct composting. Optimum pH for aerobic stabilization of compost ranges from 5.5 to 7.5, while the BSG pH in the literature is typically more acidic. Instead, the mean moisture content in the literature is higher than the 60% to 65% recommended for composting. This C/N ratio range is lower than the composting target range (20–30). As described in the literature, the BSG moisture content, C/N ratio, and pH range from 70.6% to 81.3%, 7.1 to 26.5, and 3.8 to 6.9, respectively. As the main factors in the composting process, we considered the BSG moisture content, total carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, and pH. Considering the main parameters required for optimal development of composting, the objective of the present review was to analyze the literature to determine whether the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of BSG make it suitable for direct composting. However, little information is available on its use for composting. Following the fundamentals of a circular economy, several attempts to recycle brewers’ spent grain (BSG) have been investigated. The brewing industry is characterized by the large production of by-products.
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